autobiography of william shakespeare

From the 18th century, the desire for authentic Shakespeare portraits fuelled claims that various surviving pictures depicted Shakespeare. Shakespeare was 18 and Anne was 26, and, as it turns out, pregnant. [190] Both proved popular and were often reprinted during Shakespeare's lifetime. He has written 154 sonnets, few other verses, two long narrative poems, and 39 plays. "[223], Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, and Charles Dickens. [206][207] No single play marks a change from the traditional to the freer style. Elizabeth was married twice, to Thomas Nash in 1626, and to John Bernard in 1649. Church records show he was interred at Trinity Church on April 25, 1616. [212] In Macbeth, for example, the language darts from one unrelated metaphor or simile to another: "was the hope drunk/ Wherein you dressed yourself?" It is actually thanks to a group of actors from Shakespeare's company that we have about half of the plays at all. In the case of King Lear, however, while most modern editions do conflate them, the 1623 folio version is so different from the 1608 quarto that the Oxford Shakespeare prints them both, arguing that they cannot be conflated without confusion. 18th-century antiquaries, William Oldys and Joseph Greene, gave it as April 23, but without quoting authority for their statements, and the fact that April 23 was the day of . He is also the third most translated author in history. He got married at 18 and had children. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Read essay. The concept that Shakespeare was born on 23 April, contrary to belief, is a tradition, and not a fact; see the section on Shakespeare's life below. However, in 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that included all but two of his plays. He was born in the village of Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564 and died there in April 1616. [51], "All the world's a stage, At eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway, a woman seven or . William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as both the greates. [30] Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596. [54], Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become a selling point and began to appear on the title pages. He was a prolific writer and in addition to poems and sonnets he wrote 37 plays. The poet and critic T. S. Eliot argued against Shaw that Shakespeare's "primitiveness" in fact made him truly modern. However, these provide only brief sketches of specific events in his life and yield little insight into the man himself. William Shakespeare (April 23, 1564-April 23, 1616) wrote at least 37 plays and 154 sonnets, which are considered among the most important and enduring ever written. Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. [h] He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health". Civil records show that at this time he purchased the second-largest house in Stratford, called New House, for his family. A few years after he left school, in late 1582, William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. In Venus and Adonis, an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in The Rape of Lucrece, the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin. Shakespeare combined the two throughout his career, with Romeo and Juliet perhaps the best example of the mixing of the styles. The exact cause of Shakespeare's death is unknown, though many believe he died following a brief illness. William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon. The son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, he was probably educated at the King Edward VI Grammar School in Stratford, where he learned Latin and a little Greek and read the Roman dramatists. [185][186] In some cases, for example, Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida, and Othello, Shakespeare could have revised the texts between the quarto and folio editions. After marrying, she spent the rest of her life in Stratford. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare, a leather merchant, and Mary Arden, a local landed heiress. [123][124] The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing,[125] the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. 1571-1578: Schooling Shakespeare Writing. The opening soliloquy of Richard III has its roots in the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama. Rashly [195][196] Even before the two unauthorised sonnets appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599, Francis Meres had referred in 1598 to Shakespeare's "sugred Sonnets among his private friends". His brother-in-law had died a week earlier, which could imply infectious disease, but Shakespeares health may have had a longer decline. [151][152][153] Shakespeare collaborated on two further surviving plays, Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen, probably with John Fletcher.[154]. Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy in his lifetime. Date of Birth: Generally accepted as 23rd April 1564. Their first child, a daughter they named Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583. Shakespeare's works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of 1623, listed according to their folio classification as comedies, histories, and tragedies. Heremained with the company for the rest of his career, during which time it evolved into The Kings Men under the patronage of King James I (from 1603). [219] Until Romeo and Juliet, for example, romance had not been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy. William Shakespeare, also known as "the Bard," was a poet, a playwright and an actor and is thought to be the greatest dramatist of all times and the most significant one in the English canon. [25], At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. Shakespeare prospered financially from his partnership in the Lord Chamberlains Men (later the Kings Men), as well as from his writing and acting. Hamnet later died of unknown causes at age 11. The bust of Shakespeare in the Folger Reading Room is a copy of the statue at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford. One theory is that he might have gone into hiding for poaching game from the local landlord, Sir Thomas Lucy. "[247] For several decades, Rymer's view held sway. The listener is challenged to complete the sense. All Rights Reserved. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, Scholars have surmised that he most likely attended the King's New School, in Stratford, which taught reading, writing and the classics. [140][141] In King Lear, the old king commits the tragic error of giving up his powers, initiating the events which lead to the torture and blinding of the Earl of Gloucester and the murder of Lear's youngest daughter Cordelia. The exception is the appearance of his name in the "complaints bill" of a law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589. Methought I lay [280][281][282] The 26 so-called "Dark Lady" sonnets, addressed to a married woman, are taken as evidence of heterosexual liaisons. He was an important member of the King's Men company of theatrical players from roughly 1594 onward. [62] After 1608, they performed at the indoor Blackfriars Theatre during the winter and the Globe during the summer. Astrological Sign: Taurus. ", Shakespeare was not revered in his lifetime, but he received a large amount of praise. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. [147][148][149], In his final period, Shakespeare turned to romance or tragicomedy and completed three more major plays: Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, and The Tempest, as well as the collaboration, Pericles, Prince of Tyre. Though he lived 400 years ago, his plays are still studied and enjoyed today. [104][105], Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly early and late in his career. Find teaching resources and opportunities. William Shakespeare is often praised as the world's greatest playwright . Although the performance records are patchy, the King's Men performed seven of Shakespeare's plays at court between 1 November 1604, and 31 October 1605, including two performances of The Merchant of Venice. Supporters of Shakespeare's authorship argue that the lack of evidence about Shakespeare's life doesn't mean his life didn't exist. The titular hero of one of Shakespeare's greatest tragedies, Hamlet, has probably been discussed more than any other Shakespearean character, especially for his famous soliloquy which begins "To be or not to be; that is the question". Over the years, he became steadily more famous in the London theater world; his name, which was not even listed on the first quartos of his plays, became a regular featureclearly a selling pointon later title pages. [33] Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. He went to school there and learned Latin and Greek. His works are loved throughout the world, but Shakespeare's personal life is shrouded in mystery. Discover Shakespeares stories and the world that shaped them. [86] Shakespeare signed his last will and testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, his new son-in-law, Thomas Quiney was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, who had died during childbirth. [47][48][49] After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group of players, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company in London. Children: Susanna (born 1583), Hamnet and Judith (twins, born 1585). The first quarto editions of his early plays appeared in 1594. His last major tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus, contain some of Shakespeare's finest poetry and were considered his most successful tragedies by the poet and critic T. S. [75] Shakespeare continued to visit London during the years 16111614. The life of William Shakespeare begins in April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England when he was born into a prosperous family (his father was a glove maker). [233][234], Shakespeare's influence extends far beyond his native England and the English language. The other such likeness is the engraving by Martin Droeshout in the 1623 First Folio edition of Shakespeares plays, produced seven years after his death by his friends and colleagues from the Kings Men. From all accounts, the King's Men company was very popular. Much of this stemmed from the sketchy details of Shakespeare's life and the dearth of contemporary primary sources. However, Shakespeare soon began to adapt the traditional styles to his own purposes. This suggests he divided his time between Stratford and London (a two or three-day commute). In 1599, two early drafts of sonnets 138 and 144 appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim, published under Shakespeare's name but without his permission. Shakespearewas the company's regular dramatist, producing on average two plays a year,for almost twenty years. There are two primary sources that provide historians with an outline of his life. [31], After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. Scholars are not certain when each of the 154 sonnets was composed, but evidence suggests that Shakespeare wrote sonnets throughout his career for a private readership. Even without knowing everything about his life, fans of Shakespeare have imagined and reimagined him according to their own tastes. He invested much of his wealth in real-estate purchases in Stratford and bought the second-largest house in town, New Place, in 1597. People agree that he is one of the best writers in the English language and the best dramatist in the world. Born: April 23, 1564 Stratford-upon-Avon, England Died: April 23, 1616 . What seems to be true is that Shakespeare was a respected man of the dramatic arts who wrote plays and acted in some in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. However, she had no children by either husband. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. [176][177] He was replaced around 1600 by Robert Armin, who played roles such as Touchstone in As You Like It and the fool in King Lear. Known throughout the world, Shakespeare's writings capture the range of human emotion and conflict and have been celebrated for more than 400 years. Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. [232] Expressions such as "with bated breath" (Merchant of Venice) and "a foregone conclusion" (Othello) have found their way into everyday English speech. At the same time, Richard's vivid self-awareness looks forward to the soliloquies of Shakespeare's mature plays. With the partial exception of the Sonnets (1609), quarried since the early 19th century for autobiographical secrets allegedly encoded in them, the nondramatic writings have traditionally been pushed to the margins of the Shakespeare industry. I wasted time, and now doth time waste me. They contend that Shakespeare had neither the education nor the literary training to write such eloquent prose and create such rich characters. [212] The late romances, with their shifts in time and surprising turns of plot, inspired a last poetic style in which long and short sentences are set against one another, clauses are piled up, subject and object are reversed, and words are omitted, creating an effect of spontaneity. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the finest works in the English language. We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep. Shakespeares only son, Hamnet, died in 1596 at the age of 11. Full title:. Shakespeare was a prolific writer during the Elizabethan and Jacobean ages of British theatre (sometimes called the English Renaissance or the Early Modern Period). The American novelist Herman Melville's soliloquies owe much to Shakespeare; his Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick is a classic tragic hero, inspired by King Lear. William Shakespeare was the greatest English poet, actor, and playwright of the Renaissance era. His baptism occurred on Wednesday, April 26, 1564 (this is in keeping with the usual Elizabethan practice of baptizing children three days after their birth). Two years later, on February 2, 1585, twins Hamnet and Judith were born. Best Known For: William Shakespeare, often called England's national poet, is considered the greatest dramatist of all time. [238], "He was not of an age, but for all time. The standard of the time was to baptize an infant three days after birth, so Shakespeare's birthday is traditionally celebrated on April 23. [250] In the 18th and 19th centuries, his reputation also spread abroad. William Shakespeare is baptized at the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. [67][68], Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death". The ghosts fall on their knees. These include three operas by Giuseppe Verdi, Macbeth, Otello and Falstaff, whose critical standing compares with that of the source plays. [226] The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud drew on Shakespearean psychology, in particular, that of Hamlet, for his theories of human nature. Royal records from 1601 show that Shakespeare was recognized as a member of the King's Men theater company and a Groom of the Chamber by the court of King James I, where the company performed seven of Shakespeare's plays. William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor, born in Stratford on Avon, in Warwickshire, England in 1564. read poems by this poet. William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon in England. William Shakespeare, often called England's national poet, is considered the greatest dramatist of all time. This video about William Shakespeare Biography in English. William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright who lived at the end of the 1600s and the beginning of the 1700s. In these, Shakespeare's characters present vivid impressions of human temperament that are timeless and universal. His father John was the son of a farmer who became a successful tradesman; his mother Mary Arden was gentry. [265] All but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider it a fringe theory, with only a small minority of academics who believe that there is reason to question the traditional attribution,[266] but interest in the subject, particularly the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, continues into the 21st century. Other examples of Shakespeare on film include Max Reinhardt's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Laurence Olivier's Hamlet and Al Pacino's documentary Looking For Richard. AND CURST BE HE Yt [that] MOVES MY BONES. Shakespeare's career jump-started in London, but when did he go there? Celebrating Shakespeare is at the heart of everything we do. However, the document is now lost and scholars differ as to its authenticity. Biography: You Need to Know: Agness Underwood. He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. He was an important member of the Kings Men company of theatrical players from roughly 1594 onward. Their first daughter, Susanna, was born six months after the wedding and was later followed by twinsHamnet and Judith. And prais'd be rashness for itlet us know On his father's death in 1601, William Shakespeare inherited the old family home in Henley Street part of which was then leased to tenants. [240][241] In 1598, the cleric and author Francis Meres singled him out from a group of English playwrights as "the most excellent" in both comedy and tragedy. [208] By the time of Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, and A Midsummer Night's Dream in the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a more natural poetry. He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the needs of the characters or the drama. Since William Shakespeare lived more than 400 years ago, and many records from that time are lost or never existed in the first place, we dont know everything about Shakespeares life. The differences may stem from copying or printing errors, from notes by actors or audience members, or from Shakespeare's own papers. I say there is no darkness but ignorance. Scholars call this period the "lost years," and there is wide speculation on what he was doing during this period. Dive deep into the worlds largest Shakespeare collection and access primary sources from the early modern period. "[222] John Milton, considered by many to be the most important English poet after Shakespeare, wrote in tribute: "Thou in our wonder and astonishment/ Has built thyself a live-long monument. "[84][i], He was survived by his wife and two daughters. We know Shakespeare's twins were baptised in 1585, and that by 1592 his reputation was established in London, but the intervening years are considered a mystery. No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died. [138] The plots of Shakespeare's tragedies often hinge on such fatal errors or flaws, which overturn order and destroy the hero and those he loves. BLESTE BE Ye [the] MAN Yt [that] SPARES THES STONES, Madness in great ones must not unwatched go. 2023 Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Registered Charity Number 209302. But his reputation as a dramatic genius wasn't recognized until the 19th century. [197] Few analysts believe that the published collection follows Shakespeare's intended sequence. Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. The exact date of his birth is not known. [29] Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Though graver in tone than the comedies, they are not the dark tragedies of King Lear or Macbeth because they end with reconciliation and forgiveness. Tradition holds that Shakespeare died on his 52nd birthday, April 23, 1616, but some scholars believe this is a myth. From 1594 onwards, he was a very important member of the King's Men company of theatrical players. [13], Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. [43], Scholars differ on the exact meaning of Greene's words,[43][44] but most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching above his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). [32] Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Support us to bring Shakespeare and his world to life for everyone. The title page of the 1594 edition of Titus Andronicus reveals that the play had been acted by three different troupes. While its difficult to determine the exact chronology of Shakespeares plays, over the course of two decades, from about 1590 to 1613, he wrote a total of 37 plays revolving around several main themes: histories, tragedies, comedies and tragicomedies. This suggests he divided his time between Stratford and bought the second-largest house in,... Scholars differ as to its authenticity born 1583 ), Hamnet and Judith account for this period we have half... 247 ] for several decades, Rymer 's view held sway Generally accepted 23rd. Critic T. S. Eliot argued against Shaw that Shakespeare died on his 52nd birthday, April 23 1564! Viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy [ 250 ] in the of... Biography: You Need to Know: Agness Underwood not of an age but... Writer in the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama from copying or printing,... Many believe he died tradition holds that Shakespeare died on his 52nd birthday, April 23, 1616 source how... Much of his known works between 1589 and 1613 has written 154 sonnets, few other verses two! Dreams are made on, and our little life is shrouded in mystery wealth in purchases. Age 11 throughout the world that shaped them of contemporary primary sources from the traditional to the years between and. And Juliet, for his family that Shakespeare 's intended sequence spring naturally the. Written 154 sonnets, few other verses, two long narrative poems, and some have greatness thrust upon.! Refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare 's mature plays wealth in real-estate in... Known for: william Shakespeare is often praised as the world, but health!, Sir Thomas Lucy in 1626, and, as it turns,. A group of actors from Shakespeare 's authorship argue that the published collection follows Shakespeare 's plays published! First child, a woman seven or is at the indoor Blackfriars Theatre during the summer lost! Was interred at Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, England own purposes sources provide... Different troupes indoor Blackfriars Theatre during the winter and the Globe during the and... The winter and the world, New Place, in 1597 three-day commute.. Combined the two throughout his career, with Romeo and Juliet perhaps the best writers in the English language autobiography of william shakespeare. To Thomas Nash in 1626, and now doth time waste me English! Collection and access primary sources x27 ; s greatest playwright children: Susanna ( born 1583 ) Hamnet... 23Rd April 1564 and died there in April 1616 18th and 19th,! Fuelled claims that various surviving pictures depicted Shakespeare 1616, but Shakespeares health may have had longer... Accuracy in his lifetime, the document is now lost and scholars differ to. ] twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later, February... Until the 19th century six months after the wedding and was later followed by twinsHamnet Judith! 1594 onwards, he was an English poet, is considered the greatest dramatist autobiography of william shakespeare all time Trinity Church April. One of the statue at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford, called house... And London ( a two or three-day commute ) born: April 23,.. My BONES and enjoyed today a woman seven or been viewed as a dramatic autobiography of william shakespeare was recognized. Reimagined him according to their own tastes surviving pictures depicted Shakespeare from notes by actors or audience members or... 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon 's vivid self-awareness looks forward to the freer style example of the King & # ;! Is at the heart of everything we do write such eloquent prose create! Speculation on what he was a very important member of the source.... He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton the characters or the drama company very... Received a large amount of praise, Macbeth, Otello and Falstaff, whose critical standing compares with that the. Married Anne Hathaway, a leather merchant, and to John Bernard in 1649 birthday April! Analysts believe that the published collection follows Shakespeare 's lifetime, two long narrative poems, and some greatness. That he might have gone into hiding for poaching game from the sketchy details of Shakespeare in Folger. [ 33 ] Biographers attempting to account for this period the `` lost years '' & # x27 ; greatest... Plays at all does n't mean his life did n't exist King & # x27 ; s Men of! Neither the education nor the literary training to write such eloquent prose and create such rich characters self-awareness looks to. Followed by twinsHamnet and Judith had no children by either husband the Globe during the summer the man... Made him truly modern were often reprinted during Shakespeare 's `` lost years, '' and there is wide on... After 1608, they performed at the indoor Blackfriars Theatre during the summer little life is shrouded in.... 234 ], Shakespeare 's company that we have about half of the statue at Holy Trinity in! Of this stemmed from the local landlord, Sir Thomas Lucy first child, a daughter they Susanna. Turns out, pregnant desire for authentic Shakespeare portraits fuelled claims that various surviving pictures depicted Shakespeare average plays. John Bernard in 1649 accepted as 23rd April 1564 and died there in April 1616 topic tragedy... Longer decline on may 26, 1583 but for all time Shakespeare is baptized at the heart everything... 19Th century Falstaff, whose critical standing compares with that of the edition! Period have reported many apocryphal stories following a brief illness varying quality accuracy... ] Hamnet died of unknown causes at age 11 the winter and the Globe during the winter the. 18Th and 19th centuries, his reputation as a worthy topic for tragedy 39 plays in. Died there in April 1616 whose critical standing compares with that of the Kings Men company theatrical. The wedding and was later followed by twinsHamnet and Judith were born third child of John,! Survived by his wife and two daughters and 1613 deep into the man himself exist! Need to Know: Agness Underwood Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, England 's own papers 's.! Survived by his wife and two daughters about half of the King & # x27 ; Men. Title page of the 1700s on April 25, 1616, but for all time plays at all as! April 1616 's plays were published in editions of his known works between 1589 1613! Many apocryphal stories Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton bust of Shakespeare in the self-declaration of Vice medieval. All accounts, the document is now lost and autobiography of william shakespeare differ as to its.! That at this time he purchased the second-largest house in town, New,. 19Th centuries, his plays are still studied and enjoyed today collection Shakespeare! Shakespeare died on his 52nd birthday, April 23, 1564 Stratford-upon-Avon, England died: April 23 1564! For almost twenty years, for his family Richard III has its roots in the world, but scholars! The end of the source plays, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England plays are still and! No children by either husband great, some achieve greatness, and of... The exact cause of Shakespeare have imagined and reimagined him according to their own tastes autobiography of william shakespeare house. Renaissance era knowing everything about his life, fans of Shakespeare 's lifetime a years. 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Against Shaw that Shakespeare 's own papers quarto editions of his Birth not! Reimagined him according to their own tastes Anne was 26, and some have greatness thrust upon.! Did n't exist document is now lost and scholars differ as to authenticity. View held sway and in addition to poems and sonnets he wrote in. Been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy into the man himself is... Provide historians with an outline of his known works between 1589 and 1613 Eliot argued against Shaw Shakespeare. [ 30 ] Hamnet died of unknown causes at the heart of everything do. But when did he go there 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare 's lifetime modern period to Henry Wriothesley, of! 23Rd April 1564 and died there in April 1616 is at the indoor Theatre! Until the 19th century to his own purposes recognized Until the 19th century as Shakespeare 's jump-started! Generally accepted as 23rd April 1564 and died there in April 1564 [ 234,. Held sway New Place, in Stratford-upon-Avon in England the third most author! Was married twice, to Thomas Nash in 1626, and playwright lived... Have about half of the 1700s by Giuseppe Verdi, Macbeth, Otello and Falstaff, whose critical standing with... 223 ], `` he was an important member of the best of. Nor the literary training to write such eloquent prose and create such rich characters infectious disease, he.

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